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Crash: Malaysia B772 over Gulf of Thailand on Mar 8th 2014, aircraft missing, data indicate flight MH-370 ended west of Australia, first MH-370 debris identified

By Simon Hradecky, created Saturday, Mar 8th 2014 01:10Z, last updated Wednesday, Aug 5th 2015 18:12Z

An Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200, registration 9M-MRO performing flight MH-370 from Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) to Beijing (China) with 227 passengers and 12 crew, was enroute at FL350 about 40 minutes into the flight about 90nm northeast of Kota Bharu (Malaysia) over the Gulf of Thailand in contact with Subang Center (Malaysia) just about to be handed off to Ho Chi Minh Air Traffic Control Center (Vietnam) when radar and radio contact was lost at about 01:22L (17:22Z Mar 7th). Subang Air Traffic Control Center officially told the airline at around 02:40L (18:40Z Mar 7th) that the aircraft was missing. Malaysia's Prime Minister stated on Mar 15th that based on new satellite data there is evidence that the data communication systems and transponder had been turned off by deliberate action by someone on board and the aircraft deviated off course, the last confirmed communication between aircraft and satellites occurred at 00:11Z (Mar 8th). On Mar 24th 2014 Malaysia's Prime Minister announced that according to new computations by Inmarsat and the British AAIB there is no reasonable doubt that flight MH-370 ended in the South Indian Ocean west of Perth (Australia).

On Mar 8th 2014 the airline confirmed on their website the aircraft is missing, a search and rescue operation has been initiated. Subang Air Traffic Control reported at 02:40 local Malaysian time, that radar and radio contact with the aircraft had been lost. The last radar position was N6.92 E103.58. There has been no distress call, no ELT or other signal was received from the aircraft. The focus is currently to locate the aircraft, as of 11:20Z Mar 8th search teams from Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam have failed to find any evidence of the aircraft. On Mar 9th 2014 14:43L (06:43Z) the airline added, that still no evidence of the aircraft has been found more than 24 hours after last contact with the aircraft and corrected the time of last contact with the aircraft to 1:30L. The airline stated, they are fearing for the worst, depending on where the aircraft will be found a command center will be set either at Kota Bharu or Ho Chi Minh City.

In a press conference the airline stated, the last contact with the aircraft had been about 120 miles (90nm) northeast of Kota Bharu (Malaysia), over the Gulf of Thailand. The aircraft was piloted by an experienced captain (53, 18,365 hours total) and a first officer (27, 2,763 hours total). The aircraft carried 154 Chinese citizens, 38 Malaysians, 7 Indonesians, 6 Australians, 5 Indian, 4 French, 3 citizens of USA, 2 New Zealanders, 2 Ukrainians, 2 Canadians, 1 Russian, 1 Italian, 1 Dutch and 1 Austrian.

On Mar 11th 2014 the airline reported that the aircraft had accumulated 53,465 flight hours in 7,525 flight cycles since its delivery to Malaysia Airlines in 2002. The aircraft has last undergone maintenance on Feb 23rd 2014. All Malaysia Airlines aircraft are equipped with ACARS transmitting monitoring data automatically. However, no distress call and no information was relayed. The search area has been extended and includes the Strait of Malacca west of Malaysia looking at the possibility that the aircraft may have turned back and diverted to Subang (Malaysia).

On Mar 8th 2014 search missions have been launched along the estimated flight track of the aircraft from Gulf of Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos to China (South China Sea).

On Mar 8th 2014 at about noon local time Vietnamese search personnel reported they have detected an ELT signal about 20nm south of the coast of Ca Mau. Vietnam officials subsequently stated that they have not yet detected flight MH-370.

On Mar 8th 2014 in the afternoon local time an Admiral of the Vietnamese Navy was understood to indicate that the crash site of the aircraft has been located about 130nm south of the Vietnamese Island Tho Chau (110nm southwest of main land Ca Mau), the Navy later said that the admiral only referred to the position of last radio/radar contact with the aircraft, the aircraft has not yet been found.

On Mar 8th 2014 China reported that the aircraft did not enter Chinese airspace (editorial note: which effectively discounts rumours and false reports by a Malaysian outlet of the aircraft having landed in Nanning (China)).

On Mar 8th 2014 Nanning Airport stated the aircraft did not arrive at the airport.

On Mar 9th 2014 the NTSB reported that a go-team has been dispatched to Asia to assist with the investigation into the missing flight MH-370. The NTSB wrote: "Once the location of the airplane is determined, International Civil Aviation Organization protocols will determine which country will lead the investigation."

In the evening of Mar 9th 2014 local time Malaysia's Transport Ministry reported, that no trace of the missing aircraft has been found at dawn Mar 9th after two days of search. The oil slicks as well as debris found so far are not related to the aircraft. Rumours like other crew establishing contact to the accident flight after radar contact was lost, phone contact to a mobile phone of one the passengers of the missing flight or the aircraft having landed in China or Vietnam, are false.

In the night of Mar 9th 2014 Vietnam's Search and Rescue Control Center released a photo of a part floating in the Gulf of Thailand, that despite darkness was discovered by a Twin Otter Aircraft of Vietnam's Coast Guard at position N8.792 E103.374 about 31nm southsouthwest of Tho Chu (editorial note: 114nm north of the last radar contact position) and is believed to be a part of the aircraft. The Control Center stated, the part is definitely made of composite material. Forces will be dispatched to the part after daybreak Mar 10th 2014. Malaysia's Department of Civil Aviation said later that this part is unrelated to MH-370, it was not recovered.

Hong Kong's Air Traffic Control Center reported on Mar 10th 2014 around 17:30L (09:30Z) that an airliner enroute on airway L642 reported via HF radio that they saw a large field of debris at position N9.72 E107.42 about 80nm southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, about 50nm off the south-eastern coast of Vietnam in the South China Sea and about 281nm northeast of the last known radar position. Ships have been dispatched to the reported debris field.

On Mar 10th 2014 Vietnam's Search and Rescue Control Center confirmed receiving the report by Hong Kong's Air Traffic Control Center stating that a Hong Kong based airliner reported a large field of debris while enroute on airway L642. A Thai cargo ship in the area was asked for assistance and has set course to the area but did not find anything unusual so far. A second vessel asked for assistance did find some debris. Following this finding Vietnam's Maritime Search and Rescue Services (MRCC) dispatched a ship to the debris field.

On Mar 10th 2014 Hong Kong's Civil Aviation Department confirmed a Cathay Pacific flight from Hong Kong to Kuala Lumpur spotted large amount of debris while enroute off the coast of South East Vietnam.

Vietnam's Search and Rescue Center later announced that the border guard vessel arriving at the position of the debris field did not find any objects. There were high winds and large waves, the debris possibly drifted away.

On Mar 11th 2014 Malaysia's Air Force reported their primary radar data suggest, the aircraft may have turned west over the Gulf of Thailand at about 1000 meters/3000 feet below the original flight level (editorial note: another possible interpretation could be: at 1000 meters of height compared to 10000 meters original level) and flown past the east coast near Kota Bharu and the west coast of Malaysia near Kedah, the radar return was last seen at 02:40L near Pulau Perak in the Straits of Malacca, about 285nm westsouthwest of the last known (secondary) radar position. Local Police at Kota Bharu confirmed a number of locals reported lights and a low flying aircraft at Kota Bharu at an estimated height of 1000 meters/3000 feet.

Early Mar 12th 2014 the commander of Malaysia's Air Force stated, he did not make statements about the aircraft being tracked across Malaysia into the Strait of Malacca. The Air Force does not discount the possibility of an air turn back however, as stated in a press conference on Mar 9th 2014.

In the evening of Mar 11th 2014 Vietnam's Search and Rescue Center reported they were expanding their search areas both to the east and west including the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. Two Chinese search planes in addition to the Vietnamese ships and aircraft have been operating over Vietnamese waters, so far there has not been any finding. The oil slicks and debris found in the Gulf of Thailand south of Tho Chau Island proved unrelated to MH-370, the field of debris of Mar 10th was determined false alert too.

On Mar 12th 2014 Vietnam's Search and Rescue Control Center reported that analysis of satellite images of Vietnams coastal regions, capable of showing objects sized 2.5 meters by 2.5 meters, did not detect any signs of the aircraft. Around noon the Control Center reported, that the search operation continues in full like the days before based on official information from Malaysia that the aircraft has not been tracked in the Strait of Malacca. 9 Vietnamese aircraft and 9 Vietname ships plus 14 foreign aircraft and 22 foreign ships are searching Vietnamese waters.

On Mar 12th 2014 officials of Malaysia's Civil Aviation Authority talking to families of occupants of MH-370 in Beijing reported that the aircraft was just in the process of being handed off to Vietnam, the last radio transmission heard from the aircraft was "Okay, good night". The crew did not report on Vietnam's frequency anymore. About three minutes later Vietnam's control center noticed that the aircraft had disappeared from radar and had not reported on his frequency. There had been no emergency or distress calls on any means of communication, although radio coverage of the area is generally good. Malaysia's CAA officials stressed, that they do not have any indication that the aircraft may have turned back or deviated from the planned route. The aircraft "suddenly disappeared". So far the aircraft has not been found although a total of 1788 ships are participating in the search for the aircraft.

Editorial note on Mar 12th 2014: On Mar 10th Malaysia expanded the search area into the Strait of Malacca assigning substantial forces to that large search area (much larger than the search area in the Gulf of Thailand with a radius of 100nm around the last known secondary radar position east of Malaysia). It remains unclear why this has been done given the Mar 12th denials of reports of Mar 11th that the aircraft may have been tracked by primary radar into the Strait of Malacca explaining that widened search. It also remains unclear why on Mar 12th the search is now moving northwest into the Andaman Sea west of Malaysia, especially when there are/were no indications of the aircraft turning back as Malaysia officials told families in Beijing on Mar 12th.

In the evening of Mar 12th 2014 the commander of Malaysia's Air Force confirmed in a televised news conference, that an unidentified radar target was last seen at FL295 about 200nm northwest of Penang (Malaysia) at 02:15L after a number of intermittent returns (editorial note: this translates to just off the coast of Phuket (Thailand) in the Andaman Sea). As the primary radar does not identify which aircraft produced the return (other than secondary radar identifying the aircraft via the aircraft's transponder), it is not clear whether that unidentified target was MH-370. This radar observation however prompted Malaysia's Authorities to expand the search into the Strait of Malacca and Andaman Sea.

Late Mar 12th 2014 China's State Administration of Science (SASTIND) reported, they discovered three large objects sized 13x18, 14x19 and 24x22 meters at position N6.7 E105.63 (121nm eastsoutheast of the last known secondary radar position), all three objects within a radius of 20km (11nm) and published the satellite images, taken on Mar 9th 2014 at 11:00 Beijing time (03:00Z), see below. SASTIND stated they are committed to provide further search services to locate flight MH-370.

On Mar 13th 2014 two Vietnamese aircraft reached the position identified by SASTIND but did not find any debris scanning the area for about 3 hours. China's head of government ordered Chinese ships to the position to "try harder" to find the debris identified by the satellite images. The head of China's Civil Aviation Authority (CAAC) stated, that the SASTIND satellite images show smoke and floating objects, however, "at this time the CAAC can not confirm these objects are related to MH-370" (editorial note: media reports converted this statement into "the debris is not from MH-370").

On Mar 13th 2014 afternoon Malaysia's Transport Minister said in a televised press conference, that the last ACARS transmission was received from the aircraft at 01:07L (17:07Z), there were no later transmissions via ACARS (editorial note: which effectively states a report by a single US "news" paper of the engines monitoring recording information via ACARS for 4 more hours is untrue), the last transmission received from the aircraft indicated all systems were operating normally. Boeing, Roll Royce, and NTSB confirmed the last data transmission received from the aircraft was at 01:07L. Malaysia's Search Control Center consulted with the NTSB and other agencies with respect to the unidentified primary radar returns and it was a common decision, that there were sufficient grounds to dedicate forces to search for the aircraft west of Malaysia. The aircraft dispatched to the location identified by SASTIND did not find anything, China did not intend to release the satellite images to the public. Malaysia is committed to find the aircraft and is going to intensify search efforts further.

In the afternoon of Mar 14th 2014 Malaysia's Transport Minister re-iterated, that there was a primary target seen indeed, it may be MH-370 but could be any other aircraft too. It can neither be confirmed nor ruled out that this radar target was MH-370. As result the search areas are being widened into the Indian Ocean beyond Andaman Islands to the west as well as to the east further into the South China Sea. Two oil slicks have been discovered near the position of last contact, one of these oil slicks contained jet fuel, however, it is not clear whether this jet fuel comes from MH-370 or not. Malaysia is sharing data that would normally not be shared with the public in the interest of national security. Media reports that the aircraft transmitted any data beyond the point of last contact are not true.

During the press conference in the afternoon of Mar 14th 2014 Malaysia's Transport Minister provided more details about the primary radar observation stating, the target was first picked up at waypoint IGARI at FL350 (editorial note: waypoint IGARI nearly conincides with the last secondary radar position of MH-370) at 01:21L moving towards waypoint VAMPI, then waypoint GIVAL and finally turning northwest towards waypoint IGREX. The target was lost at FL295 after GIVAL at 02:15L.

On Mar 14th 2014 Inmarsat released following statement on their website: "Routine, automated signals were registered on the Inmarsat network from Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 during its flight from Kuala Lumpur. This information was provided to our partner SITA, which in turn has shared it with Malaysia Airlines. For further information, please contact Malaysia Airlines." (Editorial note: this statement does NOT state at which times this occurred, nor does it state that those signals were registered after 17:22Z on Mar 7th).

On Mar 15th 2014 Malaysia's Prime Minister stated in a press conference: "based on new satellite communication we can say with a high degree of certainty that the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) was disabled just before the aircraft reached the east coast of peninsular Malaysia. Shortly afterwards, near the border between Malaysian and Vietnamese air traffic control, the aircraft’s transponder was switched off." Movements of the aircraft until the aircraft left Malaysia's primary radar coverage were consistent with deliberate action by someone on the aircraft. The primary radar target, so far believed but not confirmed to be MH-370, could today be identified as MH-370 with the help of new data received from the satellite data provider. The aircraft could have flown on for 7 hours, the last trace of the aircraft was identified at 08:11L (00:11Z Mar 8th). "Due to the type of satellite data we are unable to confirm the precise location of the plane when it last made contact with the satellite." However, the investigation was able to determine that the last communication was in one of two corridors: "the northern corridor stretching approximately from the border of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to northern Thailand or the southern corridor stretching approximately from Indonesia to Southern Indian Ocean." The investigation team is working to further refine the information. The search in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand has been ended. "In view of this latest development the Malaysian Authorities have refocussed their investigation into the crew and passengers on board. Despite media reports, that the plane was hijacked, I wish to be very clear we are still investigating all possibilities as to what caused MH-370 to deviate from its original flight path."

On Mar 15th 2014, following the speach by Malaysia's Prime Minister, Malaysia Airlines released a statement stating amongst others: "This is truly an unprecedented situation, for Malaysia Airlines and for the entire aviation industry. There has never been a case in which information gleaned from satellite signals alone could potentially be used to identify the location of a missing commercial airliner. Given the nature of the situation and its extreme sensitivity, it was critical that the raw satellite signals were verified and analysed by the relevant authorities so that their significance could be properly understood. This naturally took some time, during which we were unable to publicly confirm their existence.

We were well aware of the ongoing media speculation during this period, and its effect on the families of those on board. Their anguish and distress increases with each passing day, with each fresh rumour, and with each false or misleading media report. Our absolute priority at all times has been to support the authorities leading the multinational search for MH370, so that we can finally provide the answers which the families and the wider community are waiting for."

On Mar 16th 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport said, that the search has become much more difficult now including 25 instead of so far 14 countries including diplomatic efforts. Areas of land in 11 countries are being searched. Satellite data, primary and secondary radar data as well as search aircraft and ships are being requested. The aircraft took off with the fuel planned according to flight plan, there was no additional fuel loaded. The investigation refocussed on crew, all passengers as well as all ground personnel handling the aircraft. The crew homes have been searched, the captain's flight simulator equipment was dismantled and re-assembled at police premises for further investigation. The crew members had not requested to fly together. The team of Inmarsat have arrived in Malaysia supporting the investigation. Priority is still on the search and rescue operation. There have been no attempts to contact Malaysia, the airline or any other party in order to seek ransom or other compensation in exchange for occupants or the aircraft. There was no hazardeous cargo on board, the cargo has been checked according to standard operating procedures. The satellite signals could also have been sent while the aircraft was on the ground as long as there was electrical power available.

On Mar 17th 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport reported that three investigators of the French BEA, who had been involved in the search for AF-447 see Crash: Air France A332 over Atlantic on Jun 1st 2009, aircraft entered high altitude stall and impacted ocean, have arrived in Malaysia and are joining the search for MH-370 sharing their knowledge and experience with AF-447. Police had visited the homes of both pilots on Mar 9th 2014 and spoken with family members, one Mar 15th the captain's flight simulator was disassembled with the help of family members and re-assembled at police premises for further investigation. The last ACARS transmission received was at 01:07L, the next regular ACARS transmission would have occurred at 01:37L 30 minutes later. It is not known when the ACARS system was disabled. Initial investigation identified the first officer was transmitting the last radio call at 01:19L.

On Mar 17th 2014 Australia announced that they are going to dedicate substantial forces to coordinate and conduct the search in the sectors of the South Indian Ocean. All Australian agencies are reviewing their data to see whether anything can be determined that might help to locate the aircraft.

On Mar 18th 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport and Minister of Foreign Affairs stated, that all countries operating satellites have been contacted in search for additional clues in the search area of 2.24 million square nautical miles. Equipment with deep sea detection capability is being asked for. There have been diplomatic efforts to contact and seek assistance from the countries in the northern and southern search corridors, the response has been excellent. There have been no new data discovered from Indonesia so far, the data are being revisited however, not only satellite but also all other data Indonesia's military might have about the hours following the disappearance of MH-370. Current focus of the investigation is to narrow the search area by the use of additional data that may be available through satellite and other sources by other nations, there have been talks with the US Department of Defense in that respect, too. As of current there is still equal focus on both northern and southern corridors. The aircraft's transponder responses were last seen at 01:21L. Every country in the search area is in possession of primary radar data, the data are being assessed and all aircraft movements in the search area are currently being identified. However, the only primary radar data in the open is Malaysia's. Malaysia has put the interest of passengers and the search for MH-370 above national interest.

Mar 18th 2014: According to China's news agency Xinhua China have started to search for MH-370 within China's territory.

On Mar 18th 2014 Australia's Maritime Safety Agency (AMSA) confirmed they are coordinating a search for MH-370 in the South Indian Ocean. The first search area is about 1500nm southwest of Perth,WA (Australia), aircraft from Australia, New Zealand and the USA are participating in that search.

On Mar 18th 2014 Thailand's Air Force reported that they did pick up a primary target of an airliner on Mar 8th once that departed Kuala Lumpur towards Vietnam, however, had no subsequent contact with such a target. The information has been passed on to Malaysia. The Air Marshal stated that media reports in Thailand referring to the Air Forces' chief claiming, the air forces' primary radar at Surat Thani had tracked an aircraft departing from Malaysia, turning around and passing Butterworth (Malaysia) were inaccurate. The Marshal added, that had the aircraft been tracked in Thailand's airspace, the Air Force would have responded, and an information would have been provided to Malaysia. On Mar 19th 2014 the Marshal told Malaysia's Authorities, that an intermittent signal of an airliner was picked up at 01:28L as it headed towards Kuala Lumpur from the South China Sea, turned right towards Butterworth (Malaysia) and was lost from radar. That signal was only detected after specific request by Malaysia, the signal was never observed within Thailand's airspace.

On Mar 19th 2014 Malaysia's Transport Minister said, Malaysia contacted the Maldives, the Air Force Chief of Maldives told Malaysia the reports of an aircraft sighting at the Maldives Islands are not true. Both corridors are of equal importance in the search operation, the southern corridor is much more challenging however. The logs of the captain's flight simulator have recently been "cleared". There were no findings of any signficance with any of the passengers. The aircraft followed its regular flight plan to Beijing via waypoint IGARI, there is no evidence that waypoints have been added or modified.

On Mar 20th 2014 Australia's Maritime Safety Agency announced that expert analysis of satellite images by Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation showed two pieces of debris about 2500km (1350nm) southwest of Perth adjacent to the search area defined. The debris may or may not be related to MH-370. Three search planes have been dispatched to the location as well as a fourth plane tasked to drop buoys. A Norwegian merchant ship, that has joined the search for MH-370, has been dispatched to and has already reached the location, too. Later on Australia released panchromatic (left) and multispectral (right) satellite images taken on Mar 16th 2014 which led to the discovery of two objects at positions S44.05 E90.96 and S44.05 E91.224 (distance 11.89nm between objects, 3085nm from last primary radar contact). The US Navy said, strong radar returns received by search aircraft in the area, are not linked to the objects. Australia pledged to continue the search for the objects by air and ship until located, unless it is certain they can not be found. If the objects are not located today, they'll be searched for tomorrow, ... In the evening of Mar 20th AMSA tweeted that the first search aircraft, a RAAF Orion P3, had not been able to locate the objects but encountered limited visibility due to cloud and rain in the search area. In the evening the search was suspended but is going to resume on Mar 21st 2014 (local Australian time).

On Mar 20th 2014 Malaysia's Transport Minister stated in the daily briefing, that Australia's prime minister called Malaysia advising that two objects have been identified southwest of Perth in satellite images which may or may not be related to MH-370. Search aircraft have been dispatched into the area, another aircraft has been tasked to drop data buoys to assist in identifying drifts. An Australian Navy vessel has been dispatched to the area but is several days away. China is using 21 satellites to search for the aircraft within China's borders, other countries in the northern search area are conducting aerial searches. 18 ships are searching the southern corridor.

In the evening of Mar 21st 2014 Australia's Maritime Safety Agency AMSA reported that the searches of Mar 21st have been concluded without any sightings. 6 aircraft have been scanning 23,000 square kilometers of waters. By now two merchant ships are in the area, the Royal Australian vessel HMAS Success is expected to arrive in the search area on Mar 22nd.

On Mar 21st 2014 Inmarsat experts stated, that the pings received by their satellite over the Indian Ocean were basically signals to check whether the aircraft still wanted service ("are you alive"). It was positively established that the pings were coming from 9M-MRO indicating the receiver and transmitter were still powered up. In further determination the round trip time of signals from the satellite sending the inquiry out until receiving the reply from the aircraft was measured and it was detected, that the round trip time increased from hour to hour, which indicated the aircraft was moving away from its last known (secondary radar) position.

On Mar 22nd 2014 Malaysia Airlines stated: "Malaysia Airlines wishes to clarify that the lithium ion batteries carried onboard MH370 on 8 March 2014 was in compliance with the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) requirements where it is classified as Non Dangerous Goods."

On Mar 22nd 2014 Malaysia's Transport Minister said that China, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Laos, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan have reported according preliminary analysis of radar data there were no sightings of the aircraft on Mar 8th in their countries. A cyclone has been forecast to affect the southern corridor search area with very strong winds and rough sea. The transcript of the communication between aircraft and Malaysian ATC as well as the cargo manifest is in possession of the investigation, they are going to be released to the public in due course. The minister stated: "Preliminary investigation of the cargo manifest has not shown any link to anything that might have contributed to MH370’s disappearance".

On Mar 22nd 2014 China's State Administration of Science (SASTIND) released a new satellite image identifying an object floating in the waters at S44.95 E90.22. The satellite image was taken on Mar 18th, the object has been determined to be 22 by 13 meters (in Malaysia press conference erroneously reported as 22 by 30 meters as the Ministry of Transport of Malaysia later confirmed). The position of this object is about 63nm southwest of the objects identified by AMSA on Mar 20th 2014.

On Mar 22nd 2014 late night Australia's AMSA reported that all aircraft have returned to base. One aircraft sighted objects with naked eyes including identifying a wooden pallet, a buoy has been dropped into the debris to track its movement, another aircraft was dispatched and reported only seeing clumps of seaweed. A merchant ship is approaching that position to collect the objects. The Chinese satellite discovery was within Saturday's search area, aircraft tasked to the search however did not sight that debris. The search continues on Sunday (Mar 23rd) in the effort to locate the objects observed on satellite images so far.

On Mar 23rd 2014 Malaysia's Transport Minister said, that Malaysia received new satellite images from French Authorities showing potential objects in the vicinity of the current search area in the southern corridor. The images were forwarded to Australia. Two Chinese and Two Japanese search aircraft have joined the Australian search out of Perth. An Australian vessel carrying a remote controlled submarine vehicle is on the way in the search area. Indonesia is leading the search into the northern part of the south corridor, two search aircraft from India joined the search out of Subang. The last ACARS transmission received from the aircraft at 01:07L showed nothing unusual and showed a normal routing towards Beijing.

On Mar 23rd 2014 AMSA reported that a number of civil aircraft including an Airbus A319-100 have joined the search southwest of Perth. An area of 59,000 square kilometers is being searched during Mar 23rd, the area has been determined based on drift modelling derived from the marker buoys dropped during first day of search. By the end of Mar 23rd there were no sightings of significance from all 8 aircraft and HMAS Success involved in the search, earlier the day there had been fog in the search area, the conditions however improved during the day.

In the early afternoon of Mar 24th 2014 AMSA tweeted that one of the Chinese search planes spotted objects in the South Indian Ocean within the search area of 69.500 square kilometers of today. Resources are being relocated. Later AMSA reported that an Australian search plane saw one circular grey or green object and a rectangular orange object in the search area, the objects are different from the earlier Chinese observation. HMAS Success is heading towards these objects.

During the regular press conference of Malaysia's Transport Minister on Mar 24th 2014 the airline representative stated, that the first officer was on his 6th flight on the Boeing 777 after having undergone conversion training from another aircraft type. The aircraft was carrying wooden pallets but there is no evidence the wooden pallet sighted in the South Indian Ocean was one carried by MH-370. The aircraft was carrying 200kg of Lithium batteries packaged in full compliance with safety requirements in addition to electronics and several tons of fruit.

On Mar 24th 2014 Malaysia's Prime Minster called for an unscheduled press conference at 10pm local time (14:00Z). Families of occupants of the aircraft in Beijing have been called in to a short term meeting, and there are reports the families of occupants have been booked onto charter flights to Australia. Relatives in Kuala Lumpur have commenced a meeting at 21:30L.

In the press conference on Mar 24th 2014 Malaysia's Prime Minister said, that the experts of the AAIB briefed the prime minister stating that the satellite experts have done further computations on the satellite data using methods never used before. Based on the new computations Inmarsat and the AAIB have concluded MH-370 flew the southern corridor with its final position west of Perth, Australia at a remote area of the Indian Ocean with no landing sites. "It is with deep sadness and regret I must inform you that, according to these new data, flight MH-370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean", the Prime Minister stated.

Shortly after the Prime Minister's press conference on Mar 24th 2014 Malaysia Airlines released their statement given to relatives of the occupants stating: "Malaysia Airlines deeply regrets that we have to assume that MH370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean. As you will hear in the next hour from Malaysia’s Prime Minister, new analysis of satellite data suggests the plane went down in the Southern Indian Ocean."

Shortly after the PM's press conference of Mar 24th 2014 Inmarsat reported that the new analysis of their satellite data used to identify the corridor and final location was based on the Doppler effects modifying radio waves and frequencies depending on speed and direction of travel of the aircraft, these data were compared to other flights. The computations are not precise enough to give the accurate position, however, made it possible to identify the general location. The new modelling and comparism were developed after the first discovery of the data on Mar 11th 2014, the work is still in progress.

On Mar 25th 2014 Australia's AMSA decided to suspend all search activities for the day due to weather conditions with forecast gales of 80+ kph and associated sea swell as well as low level cloud with bases forecast at 200 to 500 feet, the conditions would pose a risk to the search crews. The search is estimated to resume on Mar 26th.

On Mar 25th 2014 Malaysia's Transport Minister reported in the daily press conference the last complete handshake between satellite and aircraft took place at 00:11Z as previously reported, there is evidence that another incomplete hand shake occurred at 00:19Z. A new method based on Doppler effect to compute the speed of the aircraft relative to the satellite and compare these results with other aircraft along the northern and southern corridor showed little match within the northern corridor but good match with the southern corridor, the method permitted to roughly locate the aircraft at the time of the last complete handshake. As result the search in the north corridor as well as in the northern part of the southern corridor have been aborted, the search area has been narrowed to 469,407 square nautical miles instead of the previous 2.24 million square nautical miles. Works to further narrow down the search area including decoding and analysis of the last incomplete handshake at 00:19Z continue. In the search area near Perth six Chinese ships are estimated to arrive on Mar 26th, HMAS Success is going to return to the search area after temporarily having left the area due to rough sea and weather. The Transport minister said quote: "In recent days Inmarsat developed a second innovative technique which considers the velocity of the aircraft relative to the satellite. Depending on this relative movement, the frequency received and transmitted will differ from its normal value, in much the same way that the sound of a passing car changes as it approaches and passes by. This is called the Doppler effect. The Inmarsat technique analyses the difference between the frequency that the ground station expects to receive and one that is actually measured. This difference is the result of the Doppler effect and is known as the Burst Frequency Offset. The Burst Frequency Offset changes depending on the location of the aircraft on an arc of possible positions, its direction of travel, and its speed. In order to establish confidence in its theory, Inmarsat checked its predictions using information obtained from six other B777 aircraft flying on the same day in various directions. There was good agreement. While on the ground at Kuala Lumpur airport, and during the early stage of the flight, MH370 transmitted several messages. At this stage the location of the aircraft and the satellite were known, so it was possible to calculate system characteristics for the aircraft, satellite, and ground station. During the flight the ground station logged the transmitted and received pulse frequencies at each handshake. Knowing the system characteristics and position of the satellite it was possible, considering aircraft performance, to determine where on each arc the calculated burst frequency offset fit best. The analysis showed poor correlation with the Northern corridor, but good correlation with the Southern corridor, and depending on the ground speed of the aircraft it was then possible to estimate positions at 0011 UTC, at which the last complete handshake took place. I must emphasise that this is not the final position of the aircraft. There is evidence of a partial handshake between the aircraft and ground station at 0019 UTC. At this time this transmission is not understood and is subject to further ongoing work. No response was received from the aircraft at 0115 UTC, when the ground earth station sent the next log on / log off message. This indicates that the aircraft was no longer logged on to the network. Therefore, sometime between 0011 UTC and 0115 UTC the aircraft was no longer able to communicate with the ground station. This is consistent with the maximum endurance of the aircraft. This analysis by Inmarsat forms the basis for further study to attempt to determine the final position of the aircraft. Accordingly, the Malaysian investigation has set up an international working group, comprising agencies with expertise in satellite communications and aircraft performance, to take this work forward." The Minister handed out documents prepared by Inmarsat and the AAIB, see below.

In the evening of Mar 25th 2014 AMSA announced that the search is going to resume on Wednesday (Mar 26th) after gale force winds subsided and visibility improved. 12 aircraft and 5 ships (HMAS Success and 4 chinese ships) are expected in the search area on Wednesday.

On Mar 26th 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport stated in the daily press conference that French Satellites have identified 122 objects so far forming a field of debris, the various objects sized between one and 23 meters in size. The field spreading over an area of about 400 square kilometers/120 square nautical miles was located on images taken on Mar 23rd 2014 at a position of approx. S44.6695 E90.607 near the earlier observation SASTIND had made in the South Indian Ocean.

In the evening of Mar 26th 2014 AMSA reported that all 12 aircraft have left the search area, two private aircraft reported seeing three objects, two of them likely ropes, none of which could be relocated in another pass. HMAS Success plus four chinese ships are continuing in the search area.

On Mar 27th 2014 AMSA reported 11 aircraft and 5 ships set out to search an area of 23,000 square nautical miles, the aircraft needed to be called back to Perth due to the weather. The ships, initially thought to be leave the search area too, will remain in the search area and attempt to continue their search pattern. The bad weather is estimated to last 24 hours.

On Mar 28th 2014 AMSA reported the search has resumed in full, 10 aircraft and 6 ships are joining the search in the search area, that has been revised after assessment of primary radar data over the South China Sea and Strait of Malacca showed the aircraft was travelling faster requiring higher fuel burn and thus reducing range of the aircraft. The ATSB have cross checked the assessment and determined that this new assessment is a credible lead as to where the debris may be located. As result the search area has been relocated about 1100km/590nm north, now 1850km/1000nm westnorthwest of Perth, an area of 319,000 square kilometers/93,000 square nautical miles is being search on Mar 28th. Satellites have been redirected to monitor the search area.

In the evening of Mar 28th 2014 AMSA reported that all aircraft have concluded their search in the new northern area, the planned search area has been scanned. Five aircraft sighted objects of various sizes and colours and took photos of that debris, the photos are going to be assessed over night. A Chinese ship has been tasked to collect the debris and is estimated to arrive at the location the next day (Mar 29th). Weather conditions are forecast "reasonable" for the search on Saturday (Mar 29th).

In the evening of Mar 29th 2014 AMSA reported that the aircraft have sighted new objects in Saturday's 252,000 square kilometer/73,400 square nautical miles search area. The Chinese ship as well as HMAS Success already operating in the new search area have recovered a number of objects, however, none of them could be confirmed to be related to MH-370.

On Mar 30th 2014 AMSA reported that an emergency signal received from a fishing vessel about 3300km/1780nm southwest of Perth needed to be addressed, two aircraft thought to participate in the search for MH-370 were tasked to respond to the fishing vessel - as only debris was located at the point of the signal, the search for the vessel is going to continue on Mar 31st. The remaining 9 aircraft and now 8 ships continued to scan the northern search area west of Perth, aircraft reported new sightings. The objects retrieved from the ocean yesterday have been described as "fishing equipment and other flotsam" unrelated to MH-370.

On Mar 31st 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport stated, that Malaysia is committed to find the aircraft and recover the black boxes, search efforts will not cease until the aircraft has been found. The Minister said after mentioning families of occupants are heartbroken and have endured unbearable strain: "This is a promise that Malaysia intends to keep. We will continue searching, and we will keep investigating, and we will never give up until we find out what happened to MH370." The Minister stated, that the ship ADV Ocean Shield with a blackbox ping locator, capable to detect pings off the black boxes up to 6000 meters below water surface, has departed Perth and is expected in the northern search area by Apr 3rd to commence search for the black boxes. A new coordination center called JACC (Joint Agency Coordination Center) has been established in Perth responsible to coordinate the search activities of the various participants in the search. On Mar 31st 10 aircraft and 11 ships were participating in scanning an area of 254,000 square kilometers/74,000 square nautical miles. Five objects retrieved so far by ships have been identified to be unrelated to MH-370.

On Mar 31st 2014 AMSA stated that the search for the fishing vessel was abandoned due lack of surviveability and unclear documentation that does even permit to establish who owns and operated the vessel. As result all aircraft and ships are available for the search of MH-370, 10 aircraft and 10 ships will search the search area west of Perth. In addition, the vessel ADV Ocean Shield was conducting tests with its black box ping locator earlier the day and set off to the search area in the evening of Mar 31st taking several days until reaching the area.

On Apr 1st 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport stated the ATC transcript containing the communication between Air Traffic Control and the crew of MH-370 would be released, the transcript of the press conference released on the Ministry's Website and Facebook Account did not contain the transcript however. The Ministry later e-mailed the transcript to The Aviation Herald, see ATC Transcript of MH-370.

On Apr 2nd 2014 the JACC welcomed the arrival of the British submarine HMS Tireless stating: "With her advanced underwater search capability, HMS Tireless will be a valuable contribution to the search for the missing plane." The search on Apr 2nd managed to scan an area of 237,000 square kilometers/69,100 square nautical miles with 10 aircraft and 9 ships. The JACC also stated: "The Australian Transport Safety Bureau continues to refine the area where the aircraft entered the water based on continuing ground-breaking and multi-disciplinary technical analysis of satellite communication and aircraft performance, passed from the international air crash investigative team comprising analysts from Malaysia, the United States, the UK, China and Australia."

On Apr 4th the JACC reported ADV Ocean Shield and HMS Echo have begun their search using the towed underwater ping locators, converging towards each other on a single 240km long single track, each ship operating at about 3 knots for optimal performance of the pinger locators. 14 aircraft and 10 ships participated in the search of Apr 4th.

On Apr 5th 2014 China's state run news agency Xinhua reported the Chinese ship Haixun 01, participating in the search for MH-370, located a 37.5kHz pulse signal at position S25 E101 (about 730nm westsouthwest of Learmonth,WA and 900nm westnorthwest of Perth,WA (Australia), see updated overview map). Xinhua states that it is not yet clear whether this beacon is related to MH-370. Underwater Locator Beacons as mounted to flight data recorders are using 37.5kHz pulsed pings and at 160dB (re 1μPa) transmission energy are detectable up to 5 kilometers distance in good conditions, at 180dB (re 1μPa) up to 22 kilometers in good conditions.

On Apr 6th 2014 the JACC stated: "Reports overnight that the Chinese ship, Haixun 01, has detected electronic pulse signals in the Indian Ocean related to MH370 cannot be verified at this point in time." The JACC has requested further data and also said: "“Advice tonight from the Australian Maritime Safety Authority's Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) and the Australian Transport Safety Bureau is that they cannot verify any connection to the missing aircraft. The RCC in Australia has spoken to the RCC in China and asked for any further information that may be relevant. The deployment of RAAF assets to the area where the Chinese ship detected the sounds is being considered."

On Apr 6th 2014 Xinhua reports, that according to JACC (editorial note: JACC has nothing of this in their official reports) an Australian ship has located another pulsed signal at another location.

On Apr 6th 2014 video evidence of a press conference shows the coordinator of the JACC reporting that ADV Ocean Shield, with their towed ping locator, have located a third source of 37.5kHz pulse sound. On Friday Apr 4th 2014 Haixun 01 had located a "fleeting" source of ping sound, on Saturday Apr 5th 2014 Haixun 01 located a second source of ping sound, which was published through Xinhua, the two signals were 1.2nm apart from each other. The ping detected by ADV Ocean Shield is about 300nm from the location of Haixun's detected signals. ADV Ocean Shield is going to explore their own signal while HMS Echo has been dispatched to join Haixun 01 with both ships exploring the signals detected by Haixun 01.

On Apr 7th 2014 the JACC reported that ADV Ocean Shield detected their 37.5kHz pulsed ping signals over a period of 140 minutes before losing them, the vessel subsquently turned around, and on the return leg received the ping signals again for 13 minutes. ADV Ocean Shield has identified two distinct sources of pings. The ping signals are consistent with those of a flight data or cockpit voice recorder. It is not yet verified, whether these signals are related to MH-370. The coordinator said however, this is the best lead so far. Haixun 01's signals had been detected over a period of 90 seconds (not minutes) on Saturday (Apr 5th).

On Apr 7th 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport confirmed that ADV Ocean Shield detected two distinct sources of ping signals, about 1650 km/890nm northwest of Perth (editorial note: and about 1000km/545nm westnorthwest of Learmonth), consistent with both the flight data and cockpit voice recorder, first for a period of 140 minutes, after turning around during the return leg over 13 minutes. While this is the best and most promising lead so far, it is not yet confirmed these signals originate from the blackboxes of MH-370.

On Apr 7th 2014 Australia's Navy reported ADV Ocean Shield with 34 people on board had been towing the ping locator in a depth of 3000 meters in waters 4500 meters deep when the ping signals consistent with underwater locator beacons as used with blackboxes were detected about 600nm west of Exmouth,WA (Australia).

On Apr 9th 2014 the JACC reported three days after the first two detections of late Apr 5th ADV Ocean Shield succeeded to re-acquire the ping signals on two occasions (detections #3 and #4) late Apr 8th. Detection #3 lasted 5:32 minutes and detection #4 7 minutes, all in the same broad area, however these two detections recorded one source of pings only. The JACC believes they are searching in the right area defining a reduced and much more manageable search area at the ocean floor, however, they need to visually identify aircraft wreckage before they can confirm with certainty that this is the final resting place of MH-370. The ADV Ocean Shield is continuing methodical work to refine the search area around the 4 ping detection locations, the autonomous underwater vehicle has not yet been deployed, the towed pinger locator can cover six times the area in the same time the autonomous underwater vehicle would be able to do with its sonar equipment. Acoustic analysis of the recordings of the detections so far indicates the pulsed signals at a very stable frequency of 33.331kHz at 1.106 seconds intervals, this is not a signal of natural origin and is consistent with the signals to be emitted by the underwater ping locator of flight data or cockpit voice recorders. The size of the search area has significantly reduced in the last few days based on the detections by ADV Ocean Shield and known ocean drift. 84 hydroacoustic buoys are being dropped in the area, that will place their hydrophones about 1000 feet below the water surface and radio their signals to a ground station. The sea floor is covered with silt that limits acoustic propagation of signals (not reflecting signals) and at the same time permits debris to "hide" in the silt. The knowledge of silt on the ocean floor comes from a sample that has been taken several years ago in a location about 160nm from the current search area.

On Apr 10th 2014 the JACC confirmed, that a RAAF AP-3C Orion Aircraft recorded an acoustic signal in the vicinity of ADV Ocean Shield while conducting an acoustic search. The JACC stated: "The acoustic data will require further analysis overnight but shows potential of being from a man-made source."

On Apr 11th 2014 the JACC reported that analysis of the signals received by the RAAF AP-3C Orion Aircraft on Apr 10th 2014 identified the signals as being unrelated to the flight or cockpit voice recorders. ADV Ocean Shield is continuing more focussed sweeps with the tower ping locator, the Orion Aircraft continues acoustic search. "A decision as to when to deploy the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle will be made on advice from experts on board the Ocean Shield and could be some days away."

On Apr 14th 2014 the JACC announced that there have been no signal detections since Tuesday last week (Apr 8th), however, the four signal detections by ADV Ocean Shield so far permit to identify a reduced and manageable search area on the ocean floor. The detections by Haixun 01 and by the RAAF AP-3C Orion Aircraft have been discounted as credible transmissions. The JACC has therefore decided to end the search with the towed pinger locator today (Apr 14th) and deploy the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Bluefin-21 as soon as possible, possibly in the evening of Apr 14th already. The AUV will need 2 hours to get down to the ocean floor, will operate 16 hours at the ocean floor and take again 2 hours to return to the surface. It will then take 4 hours to download and assess the data, a mission will thus take a total of 24 hours. The first mission is scheduled to search an area of 8000 by 5000 meters (40 square kilometers) on the ocean floor. The AUV uses in sight pulse sonar, transmitting and receiving a sonar pulse permitting to create a threedimensional map of the ocean floor. ADV Ocean Shield has detected an oil slick on Apr 13th in her search area, a sample of about two liters was taken and is being brought ashore for laboratory analysis. The JACC stated: "I stress the source of the oil is yet to be determined but the oil slick is approximately 5,500 metres down-wind and down-sea from the vicinity of the detections picked up by the Towed Pinger Locator on Ocean Shield."

In the morning of Apr 15th 2014 the JACC reported that the first mission of the UAV needed to be terminated prematurely after about 6 hours when Bluefin-21 went below its operational limit of 4500 meters depth and returned to the surface by a built in safety feature. The data of 6 hours operation are being read out and assessed. Bluefin-21 is going to deploy again during the day weather permitting.

On Apr 18th 2014 the JACC reported that laboratory analysis of the oil slick found on Apr 13th 2014 identified the oil was not related to aircraft (neither hydraulic nor engine oil). The risks of operations of UAV Bluefin-21 have been re-assessed by the operator and manufacturer, there is a small but acceptable risk of operating the UAV below 4500 meters of water depth, Bluefin-21 is therefore able to completely explore the sea floor within the defined search area. Bluefin has descended to its fifth mission, the four missions so far have not revealed any objects of interest.

On Apr 20th 2014 the JACC reported, that Bluefin-21 has surveyed about 50% of the planned search area on the sea floor with the conclusion of its seventh mission. The search area on the ocean floor has been defined at approximately 10km around the ping locator positions (about 314 square kilometers). So far, including the results of mission 6 but not yet including the results of mission 7 no objects of interest have been found.

On Apr 23rd 2014 the JACC reported that "Western Australia Police have attended a report of material washed ashore 10 kilometres east of Augusta and have secured the material." The ATSB is examining the material if there is any relevance to flight MH-370, photos have been taken and sent to Malaysia.

On Apr 23rd 2014 the ATSB described the material as a sheet of metal with rivets, the material appears interesting enough to take a closer look. Malaysia's Transportation Minister commented he had not yet seen those photographs.

On Apr 23rd 2014 Malaysia's Minister of Transport stated, that a new investigation body is being formed to lead the investigation, the International Investigation Team. Malaysia's Cabinet has approved the formation of that new body: "The main purpose of the International Investigation Team is to evaluate, investigate and determine the actual cause of the incident so similar ncidents could be avoided in the future. I would also like to note that the investigation will not include criminal aspects which are under the purview of the Royal Malaysian Police." The investigation will continue to follow the requirements of the Civil Aviation Regulation 1966, the standards set under ICAO Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation - and the Chicago Convention. The Minister concluded: "Indeed, it is imperative for the government to form an independent team of investigators which is not only competent and transparent but also highly credible. As I’ve consistently said since the beginning, we have nothing to hide."

On Apr 24th 2014 the JACC announced that "after examining detailed photographs of material washed ashore 10 kilometres east of Augusta, the ATSB is satisfied it is not a lead in relation to the search for missing flight MH370."

According to The Aviation Herald's radar data the aircraft was last regularly seen at 17:22Z (01:22L) at position N6.9 E103.6 about half way between Kuala Lumpur and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) at FL350 over the Gulf of Thailand about 260nm northnortheast of Kuala Lumpur and 90nm northeast of Kota Bharu 40 minutes into the flight, followed by anomalies in the radar data of the aircraft over the next minute (the anomalies may be related to the aircraft but could also be caused by the aircraft leaving the range of the receiver).

On Mar 8th 2014 aviation sources in China reported that radar data suggest a steep and sudden descent of the aircraft, during which the track of the aircraft changed from 024 degrees to 333 degrees. The aircraft was estimated to contact Ho Chi Minh Control Center (Vietnam) at 01:20L, but contact was never established.

Italy's Foreign Ministry said, the Italian citizen is alive and was not on board of the aircraft other than the passenger manifest suggests, the man called his parents from Thailand. The foreign ministry later added, that the passport of the citizen had been recently stolen in Thailand.

Austria's Foreign Ministry stated in the afternoon (European time) that the Austrian listed on the passenger manifest was not on board of the aircraft. The foreign ministry later added, that the passport of the Austrian citizen had been stolen about two years ago when the citizen was touring through Thailand.

According to the states run Chinese news agency Xinhua Chinese police established that one of the Chinese passengers listed on the manifest never left China, is still at home and in possession of his passport, therefore was not on the accident flight. The passenger's passport had not been lost or stolen, the numbers on his passport and the passport number noted on the manifest are identical however.

On Mar 11th 2014 Malaysian investigators reported a 19 year old Iranian was travelling on one of the false passports to join his family waiting for him in Germany. They were contacted by his mother admitting she knew her son was using a false passport. In the evening Malaysian investigators summarized that there is no evidence suggesting there is a link between the disappearance of the aircraft and the use of false passports. Investigation continues however, the background of all passengers is being investigated, for example whether there are high life insurances.

On Mar 10th 2014 Malaysia's Defense Ministry said, that as result of the verified discrepancies between passenger manifest and people on board of the aircraft, the Austrian and the Italian, the entire manifest is under scrutiny. At least 4 names are suspicious and are being investigated with the participation by the FBI from the USA.

On Mar 9th 2014 China Southern Airlines, code share partner of Malaysia Airlines, reported that they sold a total of 7 tickets for the accident flight, amongst them the tickets for the Italian and the Austrian as well as one Dutch, one Malaysian, two Ukrainians and one Chinese.

The manufacturer of the underwater locator beacons (ULB), that were mounted to the flight data and cockpit voice recorders of MH-370, specified their ULB would transmit ultrasonic pulsed sounds at 37.5kHz +/- 1kHz at 160dB (re 1µPa). After a period of 30 days the ULB would still transmit at that frequency at 157 dB. The manufacturer did not publish any data beyond 30 days (certification criteria). Other manufacturers specifying their ULBs also at 160dB initially and 157dB after 30 days state the ULB would still transmit after 90 days though at around 150dB, the frequency drift may exceed 1kHz.

Search area on Apr 9th revised based on ADV Ocean Shield detections (Graphics: JACC):
Search area on Apr 9th revised based on ADV Ocean Shield detections (Graphics: JACC)

The 4 ULB detections by ADV Ocean Shield up to Apr 9th 2014 (Graphics: JACC):
The 4 ULB detections by ADV Ocean Shield up to Apr 9th 2014 (Graphics: JACC)

Computed aircraft range and ping positions (Graphics: JACC):
Computed aircraft range and ping positions (Graphics: JACC)

The underwater ping locator being prepared for first search on Apr 4th 2014 (Photo: Australia's Department of Defense):
The underwater ping locator being prepared for first search on Apr 4th 2014 (Photo: Australia's Department of Defense)

ADV Ocean Shield (Photo: Australia's Department of Defense):
ADV Ocean Shield (Photo: Australia's Department of Defense)

Search Ship positions of Apr 6th 09:00 UTC (Graphics: LiveAIS/IHS Maritime):
Search Ship positions of Apr 6th 09:00 UTC (Graphics: LiveAIS/IHS Maritime)

Search Area of Apr 4th and cumulative search area since Mar 18th (Graphics: JACC):
Search Area of Apr 4th and cumulative search area since Mar 18th (Graphics: JACC)

Search Area of Mar 28th and cumulative search area since Mar 18th (Graphics: AMSA):
Search Area of Mar 28th and cumulative search area since Mar 18th (Graphics: AMSA)

French Satellite Images taken Mar 23rd 2014 (Graphics: MMOT):
French Satellite Images taken Mar 23rd 2014 (Graphics: MMOT)

Possible flight trajectories based on Doppler Effect Assessment (Graphics: MMOT):
Possible flight trajectories based on Doppler Effect Assessment (Graphics: MMOT)

Explanation of Doppler Effect Assessment, handout by Malaysia's Ministry of Transport (Graphics: MMOT):
Explanation of Doppler Effect Assessment, handout by Malaysia's Ministry of Transport (Graphics: MMOT)

Explanation of Doppler Effect Assessment, handout by Malaysia's Ministry of Transport (Graphics: MMOT)

Object at S44.95 E90.22 seen by Chinese Satellite on Mar 18th and identified Mar 22nd 2014 (Photo: SASTIND):
Object at S44.95 E90.22 seen by Chinese Satellite on Mar 18th and identified Mar 22nd 2014 (Photo: SASTIND)

Object 1 sized 24m identified by Australia on Mar 20th at S44.05 E90.96, sat image taken Mar 16th (Photo: AMSA):
Object 1 sized 24m identified by Australia on Mar 20th at S44.05 E90.96, sat image taken Mar 16th (Photo: AMSA)

Object 2 sized 5m identified by Australia on Mar 20th at S44.05 E91.224, sat image taken Mar 16th (Photo: AMSA):
Object 2 sized 5m identified by Australia on Mar 20th at S44.05 E91.224, sat image taken Mar 16th (Photo: AMSA)

Australian search Mar 18-20th (Graphics: AMSA):
Australian search Mar 18-20th (Graphics: AMSA)

The possible corridors: northern from Kazakhstan/Turkmenistan to Northern Thailand, southern from Indonesia to Southern Indian Ocean (Graphics: AVH/Google Earth):
The possible corridors: northern from Kazakhstan/Turkmenistan to Northern Thailand, southern from Indonesia to Southern Indian Ocean (Graphics: AVH/Google Earth)

Three large objects on Sat Images Mar 9th 03:00Z at N6.7 E105.63 (Photos: SASTIND):
Large Object #3 on Sat Images Mar 9th 03:00Z at N6.7 E105.63 (Photo: SASTIND)

Large Object #2 on Sat Images Mar 9th 03:00Z at N6.7 E105.63 (Photo: SASTIND)

Large Object #1 on Sat Images Mar 9th 03:00Z at N6.7 E105.63 (Photo: SASTIND)

The field of debris spotted from the air on Mar 10th 2014:
The field of debris spotted from the air on Mar 10th 2014

Part floating in Gulf of Thailand identified unrelated to MH-370 (Photo: Vietnamese Coast Guard):
Part floating in Gulf of Thailand identified unrelated to MH-370 (Photo: Vietnamese Coast Guard)

Infrared VISSR Satellite Image Mar 7th 18:00Z (Graphics: AVH/Meteosat):
Infrared VISSR Satellite Image Mar 7th 18:00Z (Graphics: AVH/Meteosat)

Map (Graphics: AVH/Google Earth):
Map (Graphics: AVH/Google Earth)



By Simon Hradecky, created Thursday, Jul 30th 2015 09:15Z, last updated Thursday, Sep 3rd 2015 17:46Z

A part, obviously an aircraft part two meters long, was discovered washed ashore on the Island of Reunion (Reunion) on Jul 29th 2015. This discovery stirred intense debate throughout the planet about whether this could be a part of MH-370, a Boeing 777-200 or not, in particular whether the part could be a inboard Flaperon of a Boeing 777-200. There are conflicting views stating the similiarities with the mechanical drawings of the flaperon are striking, others mention the reported dimensions and proportions of the part don't match. Other views are this could be part of a tail plane.

The location at Reunion would not be unexpected, according to drift models and the travel of buoys over the last 16 months, for a part of MH-370.

Malaysia's Department of Transport announced on Jul 30th 2015, that they have dispatched a team of experts to Reunion to determine whether the part found could indeed be a part of the still missing flight MH-370. Malaysia's Minister of Transport cautioned: "until there is tangible and irrefutable evidence that the flaperon does belong to the missing aircraft, it would be premature to speculate."

Australia's Transport Minister said in a press conference, that the part carries a label "BB670", which is neither a part number nor registration number, but perhaps might be a maintenance number. French and Malaysian Specialists are on their way to establish whether the part could belong to MH-370.

On Aug 2nd 2015 Malaysia's Transport Ministry announced that the aircraft part found on Jul 29th 2015 at Reunion has been officially identified as a flaperon of a Boeing 777, further examination is under way to determine whether the flaperon belonged to 9M-MRO, the Boeing 777-200 that went missing on flight MH-370. The part has been taken to Toulouse and has been identified as a flaperon by experts of French Authorities, experts from Boeing, the NTSB, Malaysia Airlines and Malaysia's Accident Investigation Team. Malaysia has been reaching out of Aviation Authorities in the region to watch out in case more debris is being washed ashore which would permit more substantial analysis and perhaps more clues what happened to missing MH-370.

On Aug 2nd 2015 a new media frenzy occurred when highly reputed media and yellow press reported another aircraft part, an aircraft door, had been found. Malaysia's Ministry of Transport as well as Reunion Police identified that part as a domestic ladder and said, other debris also found so far have nothing to do with an aircraft.

On Aug 5th 2015 Malaysia's Minister of Transport reported the debris recovered from Reunion on Jul 29th 2015, already identified as a flaperon of a Boeing 777, has been identified to have been part of 9M-MRO, flight MH-370.

Malaysia's Premier Minister said in a TV speech on Aug 5th 2015:


On 8 March 2014, flight MH370 from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing disappeared. The days, weeks and months that followed have been a period of torment for the families of those on board.

The plane’s disappearance was without precedent. At every stage, we followed the tiny amount of evidence that existed. But, despite the efforts of 26 nations and the largest search in aviation history, from the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean, the plane could not be located.

Neither could investigations by the world’s leading aviation experts answer why MH370 veered off course and went dark. While the plane’s disappearance remained a mystery, we have shared the anguish of those who could find no comfort.

Last week, on 29th July, we were informed by the French authorities that part of an aircraft wing had been found on Reunion, the French island in the Indian Ocean.

Today, 515 days since the plane disappeared, it is with a heavy heart that I must tell you that an international team of experts have conclusively confirmed that the aircraft debris found on Reunion Island is indeed from MH370.

We now have physical evidence that, as I announced on 24th March last year, flight MH370 tragically ended in the southern Indian Ocean.

This is a remote, inhospitable and dangerous area, and on behalf of Malaysia I would like to thank the many nations, organisations and individuals who have participated in the search.

The burden and uncertainty faced by the families during this time has been unspeakable. It is my hope that this confirmation, however tragic and painful, will at least bring certainty to the families and loved ones of the 239 people onboard MH370. They have our deepest sympathy and prayers.

I would like to assure all those affected by this tragedy that the government of Malaysia is committed to do everything within our means to find out the truth of what happened. MH370’s disappearance marked us as a nation. We mourn with you, as a nation.

And I promise you this: Malaysia will always remember and honour those who were lost onboard MH370.


On Aug 6th 2015 China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed the flaperon found on Jul 29th 2015 in Reunion has been identified to have been part of flight MH-370. The find confirms the investigation results so far and confirms the aircraft ended in the South Indian Ocean. China requests Malaysia to continue the search for MH-370 and identify the reasons of why the aircraft was lost.

On Aug 10th 2015 Malaysia's Ministry of Transport announced, they have been informed by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Maldives about debris having been found ashore at Maldives Islands. Malaysia has dispatched a team of investigators to examine the debris. The debris had been washed ashore about a month ago at the northern atolls of the Maldives Islands, a cargo ship carrying wall panels had capsized there earlier, the captain indicating that the debris seen on the photos most likely originate from the cargo his ship has been carrying. The debris was subsequently identified to not be related to MH-370.

On Sep 3rd 2015 the French Prosecutor involved in the examination of the debris washed ashore at Reunion declared that the part, a flaperon of a Boeing 777-200, originated from MH-370 without a doubt, proven by a series number found inside the flaperon.

The debris found at Maldives' northern Atolls, unrelated to MH-370:
The debris found at Maldives' northern Atolls, unrelated to MH-370

The debris found at Maldives' northern Atolls

The debris found at Maldives' northern Atolls

The debris found at Reunion (Photo: AFP):
The debris found at Reunion (Photo: AFP)

Debris found at Reunion (Photo: berita.rtm.gov.my):
Debris found at Reunion (Photo: berita.rtm.gov.my)



By Simon Hradecky, created Sunday, Mar 8th 2015 10:36Z, last updated Sunday, Mar 8th 2015 14:27Z

On Mar 8th 2015, one year after MH-370 disappeared, the Malaysian Government released an interim statement and factual information.

The preliminary factual information re-iterates that the secondary transponder signal was lost at 17:21:13Z (Mar 7th) and went on to report the primary radar data off Kuala Lumpur's primary and military primary radar as follows:

At 1721:13 UTC [0121:13 MYT] the Military radar showed the radar return of MH370 turning right but almost immediately making a constant left turn to a South Westerly direction.

At 1730:35 UTC [0130:35 MYT] to 1735UTC [0135 MYT] the radar return was on heading 231 magnetic (M), ground speed of 496 knots (kt.) and registered height of 35,700 ft.

At 1736 UTC [0136 MYT to 1736:40 UTC [0136:40 MYT] heading was 237M, ground speed fluctuation between 494 and 525 kt. and height fluctuation between 31,100 and 33,000 ft.

At 1739:59 UTC [0139:59 MYT] heading was 244M, ground speed 529 kt. and height at 32,800 ft.

At 1752:35 UTC [0152:35 MYT] radar return was observed to be slightly south of Penang Island.

It was noted by the Investigation Team that the position and heading of the radar return from both Civilian and Military Radar, suggested that it was from the same target.

After the last radar return disappeared from KL ATCC Primary Radar at 1752:35 UTC [0152:35 MYT], the Military Radar continued to track this radar return as it headed towards Pulau Perak, a small island over the Straits of Malacca. The time registered over Pulau Perak was 1802:59 UTC [0202:59].

The tracking by the Military continued as the radar return was observed to be heading towards waypoint MEKAR, a waypoint on Airways N571 when it disappeared abruptly at 1822:12 UTC [0222:12 MYT],10 nautical miles (Nm) after waypoint MEKAR.


The factual information further states that Kota Bharu's primary terminal approach radar captured a primary target:

The appearance of an aircraft target on the KL ATCC radar display, coded as P3362, was recorded at 1730:37 UTC [0130:37 MYT] but disappeared from the radar display at 1737:22 UTC [0137:22 MYT].

At 1738:56 UTC [0138:56 MYT] an aircraft target, coded as P3401, appeared on the KL ATCC radar display and disappeared at 1744:52 UTC [0144:52 MYT].

At 1747:02 UTC [0147:02 MYT] an aircraft target, coded as P3415, appeared on the KL ATCC radar display but disappeared at 1748:39 UTC [0148:39 MYT].

At 1751:45 UTC [0151:45 MYT] an aircraft target, coded as P3426,appeared on the KL ATCC radar display but disappeared at 1752:35 UTC [0152:35 MYT].


The factual information states, that there were no significant medical issues with both flight crew even though the captain, following a paragliding accident in 2007 causing the fracture of the 2nd lumbar vertebra, took "analgesics on an irregular basis" for his pain.

The report went on to say: "There were no behavioural signs of social isolation, change in habits or interest, self-neglect, drug or alcohol abuse of the Captain, First Officer and the Cabin Crew. The Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) recordings at KLIA on the 07 March 2014 were evaluated to assess the behavioural pattern of the Captain and the First Officer from the time of arrival at KLIA until boarding time. ... On studying the Captain’s behavioural pattern on CCTV recordings on the day of the flight and prior 3 flights there was no significant behavioural changes observed. On all the CCTV recordings the appearance was similar, i.e. well groomed and attired. The gait, posture, facial expressions and mannerism were his normal characteristics. The First Officer’s movement captured on CCTV at KLIA on 07 March 2014 was observed. The Flight Officer’s behavioural pattern on CCTV recordings on the day of the flight showed no significant behavioural changes."

The report states, that following a ground collision in Shanghai in 2012 a Boeing ground team had done the repairs needed to the right hand wing of the Boeing 777 9M-MRO.

The flight crew oxygen supply had been checked prior to departure, showed a pressure of 1750psi with no leaks and was topped up to 1800psi.

At the time of disappearance there was no sigificant weather and no lightning activity at the area of where MH-370 disappeared.

The report states that during the last 30 years in 257 accidents monitored by ICAO only 39 resulted in ELT transmitter detection, although 173 aircraft carried ELT transmitters.

Primary Radar returns linked to MH-370 plotted (Graphics: Ministry of Transport Malaysia):
Primary Radar returns linked to MH-370 plotted (Graphics: Ministry of Transport Malaysia)

Flight path identified based on Primary Radar returns (Graphics: Ministry of Transport Malaysia):
Flight path identified based on Primary Radar returns (Graphics: Ministry of Transport Malaysia)


By Simon Hradecky, created Thursday, May 29th 2014 14:36Z, last updated Sunday, Mar 8th 2015 10:36Z

On Jan 29th 2015 Malaysia's Government officially declared the occurrence an accident thus ruling out any malicious activity being involved in the disappearance of the flight. The Government argued that all investigations so far have not revealed any evidence that suggests malicious activity involved.

On Jun 26th 2014 Australia's Joint Aviation Coordination Centre announced: "“Specialists have analysed satellite communications information—information which was never initially intended to have the capability to track an aircraft—and performed extremely complex calculations. The new priority area is still focused on the seventh arc, where the aircraft last communicated with satellite. We are now shifting our attention to an area further south along the arc based on these calculations. The Australian Transport Safety Bureau will today release a report outlining the basis on which this search area has been defined." (See below for the map of the new search area)

The JACC continued that bathymetric survey of the area is already under way to map the ocean floor, a detailed ocean floor search will commence in about August and last for 12 months.

The ATSB released their report some time later explaining a good detail on the actual satellite data and measuring, explaining the definition of the Burst Time Offset (BTO) which had been unclear since the release of the raw data. Given the explanation the BTO is the time difference between anticipated arrival of the signal (including and correcting for the height of the satellite) and actual arrival of the signal and thus signifies the straight (ray) distance from the aircraft to the point where the gravity vector of the satellite would intersect with the sea surface (MSL 0, satellite position at MSL 0, therefore do not include the travel time of the signal from the sea surface to the satellite). 1 microsecond time difference signifies approximately 300 meters of travel of light and electric waves (not along the curved surface of earth though).

The ATSB reported that the satellite operator had added the measurement of BTO only recently in the aftermath of the loss of Air France 447 with the idea of being able to better assist in case of a similiar scenario.

The ATSB reported that as long as BTOs were compared against and overlaid onto the ACARS transmissions received the accuracy of the BTO computations was within +/- 5km. The rings around the satellite position computed from the BTOs therefore are assumed to be accurate within +/-10km.

According to the raw data the aircraft was at 22:41Z (BTO: 14540us) 4,362 km from the position N0 E64 MSL 0, at 00:10Z (BTO 18040us) 5,412km and at 00:19Z (BTO 23000us) 6,895km from the position N0 E64 MSL0, all these distance not measured along the curved surface of the earth but straight line.

For these computations a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system was overlaid with the 0-point in the center of earth and all BTO/BFO computations performed in that coordinate system, then transferred back into the earth's polar coordinate system.

The ATSB explained that they used a number of assumptions for computing the aircraft track:

- the aircraft was flown at a constant altitude
- the speed was operationally achievable for the given altitude
- aircraft crossed the arcs given by the BTOs at the times of the transmissions
- before the 19:41Z arc various possible pathes including an immediate turn south were used
- after 19:41Z the aircraft was assume to fly a straight line (editorial note: along the curved surface of earth)
- wind effects were modelled
- individual engine efficiency were not modelled

The ATSB reported that log-on requests in flight are not common and can occur only for a few reasons amongst them: power interruption by the aircraft satellite unit (SDU), a software failure, loss of critical systems providing input to the SDU or aircraft attitude causing the satellite link being lost. The ATSB stated: "An analysis was performed which determined that the characteristics and timing of the logon requests were best matched as resulting from power interruption to the SDU. Approximately 90 seconds after the 1825 log-on request, communications from the IFE (In Flight Entertainment) system on the aircraft were recorded in the SATCOM log. Similar messages would be expected after the 00:19 logon request, however none were received. This could indicate a complete loss of generated electrical power shortly after the 7th handshake. Because the location of the 0019 arc is also consistent with estimates of the aircraft range calculated from the remaining fuel quantity provided by the last ACARS transmission, the 7th arc is the focus of the search area."

With respect to the Burst Frequency Offset, measuring the frequency offset, the ATSB explained that the BFO of MH-370 had a bias of 147-152 Hz. Various autopilot modes like constant true heading, constant true track, constant magnetic heading, constant magnetic track and great circle with wind effects were analysed resulting in various possible tracks, the most likely of them defining the search area. The ATSB warned however, that the BFO values are highly sensitive, a difference of 10 Hz would shift the aircraft track by 1000km along the arc.

The ATSB reported that low frequency hydrophones were checked for possible data. An event closely linked to the time of the last satellite ping was identified and located, the location however was incompatible with the BTO measured by the satellite.

On May 29th 2014 Australia's Joint Aviation Coordination Centre announced that Bluefin-1 has completed the search within the defined area of 850 square miles without locating debris.

The JACC stated: "no signs of aircraft debris have been found by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle since it joined the search effort" and later stated: "The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) has advised that the search in the vicinity of the acoustic detections can now be considered complete and in its professional judgement, the area can now be discounted as the final resting place of MH370."

The JACC stated that activities continue to locate the aircraft in three areas:

1) review all existing satellite and radar data to define a 60.000 square miles search area in the South Indian Ocean

2) a bathymetric survey to map the ocean floor, which has already begun and is estimated to take 3 months

3) acquisition of specalist help to search the ocean floor

The search on the ocean floor is going to commence in August and is estimated to take about 12 months.

Following preparatory work and negotiations to award the search work to contractors the underwater search for MH-370 resumed on Oct 6th 2014, two ships are currently in the area. The Fugro Equator is continuing the bathymetric survey of the supposed crash area and is planned to join underwater search by end of October. The Phoenix arrived on the 7th arc on Oct 6th and started underwater search on Oct 7th. The third ship, the Fugro Discovery, is currently receiving supplies in the port of Fremantle and is scheduled to depart to the search area on Oct 11th. As result of refinement and review of data, that suggest the aircraft may have turned south earlier than previously assumed, the primary focus of the search area has been moved south of the Broken Ridge (see bottom map) along the 7th arc.

The arcs defined by the BTOs (Graphics: ATSB):
The arcs defined by the BTOs (Graphics: ATSB)

White are the tracks best matching BTOs and BFOs (Graphics: ATSB):
White are the tracks best matching BTOs and BFOs (Graphics: ATSB)

Map of revised search area as announced on Jun 25th 2014 (Graphics: JACC):
Map of revised search area as announced on Jun 25th 2014 (Graphics: JACC)


By Simon Hradecky, created Thursday, May 1st 2014 16:53Z, last updated Thursday, May 29th 2014 14:38Z

On May 27th 2014 Malaysia's Ministry of Transport (MMOT) released the Inmarsat Satellite raw data.

On May 1st 2014 Malaysia's Ministry of Transport (MMOT) released their first preliminary report stating:

MH 370 PRELIMINARY REPORT (SERIAL 03/2014)

Aircraft Type & Registration: Boeing 777-2H6ER, 9M-MRO

Year of Manufacture: 29th May 2002

State of Registration: Malaysian

No & Type of Engines: 2 Rolls Royce RB211 Trent 892B17

Location: Unknown (Last known Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) return, Waypoint IGARI)

Date & Time (Local Time) 8 March 2014 & Unknown (last known SSR return at 01:21:13 hours)

Operator: Malaysian Airlines (MAS)

Call-sign: MH 370

Type of Flight: Scheduled (Commercial Air Transport), IFR Persons on Board: 227 passengers + 12 crew

The investigation At 01:38 hours Malaysian Time (MYT, footnote: Malaysian Time (MYT) is Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)+ 8 hours) on 8 March 2014 (Saturday), a Boeing 777-2H6ER, registration 9M-MRO,and call-sign MH 370 with 227 passengers and 12 crew on board, was reported missing after passing waypoint IGARI (footnote: Waypoint Igari is located at Latitude N6 degrees 56.87 minutes and Longitude E103 degrees 34.63 minutes) while en-route from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Beijing, China.

The Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) Malaysia was informed that flight MH370 was missing and an investigation was launched.

In accordance with International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation, and Malaysian Civil Aviation Regulation 1996 Part XII Investigation of Accidents and with established international arrangements, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of the USA, representing the State of Design and Manufacture of the aircraft, has appointed an Accredited Representative to participate fully in the investigation.

The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) of the United Kingdom, representing the State of Design and Manufacture for the engines, has also appointed an Accredited Representative.

The NTSB Accredited Representative is supported by a team of technical advisers from the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Boeing.

The AAIB Accredited Representative is supported by technical advisers from Rolls- Royce and Inmarsat the operator of a Satellite which was in communication contact with the aircraft during the flight.

The Australian and Chinese Governments have also appointed Accredited Representatives in accordance with ICAO Annex 13, Para 5.23.

Malaysian Airlines (MAS) the operator, is cooperating with the investigation and providing expertise as required and the DCA Malaysia are being kept informed of developments.

History of the flight

At 00:41:43 MYT on 8 March 2014 (Saturday), MH 370 took off from Runway 32R at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) on a scheduled flight to Beijing, China. At 00:42:07 MYT, MH 370 was cleared to climb to Flight Level (FL, footnote: At altitude above 11,000 feet in Malaysia, an aircraft altitude above sea level is referred to as a Flight Level (FL). FL 180 equals to 18,000 feet.) 180 and was issued a direct track by LUMPUR APPROACH at Kuala Lumpur Air Traffic Control Centre (KLATCC) to waypoint IGARI. MH 370 was transferred to LUMPUR RADAR at KLATCC at 00:42:52 MYT. The flight was then cleared to climb to FL 250 at 00:46:51 MYT and subsequently to FL 350 at 00:50:06 MYT. MH 370 reported maintaining FL 350 at 01:01:16 MYT and reported maintaining FL 350 again at 01:07:55 MYT.

At 01:19:24 MYT LUMPUR RADAR at KLATCC instructed MH370 to contact HO CHI MINH Air Traffic Control Centre (HCMATCC) on radio frequency 120.9 MHz. MH 370 acknowledged with "good night Malaysian Three Seven Zero".

At 01:21:04 MYT, MH370 was observed on the radar screen at KLATCC as it passed over waypoint IGARI. At 01:21:13 MYT the radar label for MH 370 disappeared from the radar screen at LUMPUR RADAR KLATCC.

At 01:38 MYT HCMATCC made a query to KLATCC on the whereabouts of MH 370.

Thereafter KLATCC initiated efforts involving MAS OPS Center, Singapore ACC, Hong Kong ACC and Phnom Penh ACC to establish the location of MH 370.

No contact had been established by any ATC units and thus the Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) was activated at 05:30 MYT.

It was later established that the transmissions from the Aircraft Communication and Reporting System (ACARS) through satellite communication system occurred at regular intervals starting before MH 370 departed Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at time 12:56:08 MYT and with the last communication occurred at 01:07:49 MYT.

Search and Rescue (SAR)

Kuala Lumpur Rescue Coordination Centre (KL RCC) was activated at 05:30 LT after all effort to communicate and locate the aircraft failed. Search and Rescue (SAR) operations were conducted in the South China Sea where the aircraft position was last known.

A playback of a recording from military primary radar revealed that an aircraft with a possibility of MH 370 had made an air-turn back onto a Westerly heading crossing Peninsular Malaysia. The search area was then extended to the Straits of Malacca.

After ACARS stopped transmitting the satellite communication system automatically transmitted seven messages that confirmed that the system was still logged onto the network.

The last message was received by the satellite ground station at 08:19 MYT.

With the primary radar data, analysis of the satellite data and aircraft performance data, the Investigation established that flight MH 370 flew along either a Northern or Southern Corridor.

The last transmission occurred when the aircraft was on an arc of 40 degrees from the satellite.

Based on this new development the search area was moved from the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca to the Northern and Southern Corridors.

On 24 March 2014 further analysis of the Inmarsat satellite data, using the changes in the satellites communication signal frequency (signal using the Doppler Effect), indicated that MH 370 flew the southern corridor and ended its flight in the southern part of the Indian Ocean.

The investigation continues to analyse the satellite data and aircraft performance in order to further refine the area where the flight ended.

To date, a total of 26 countries have participated in the search for MH 370 comprising of 82 aircraft and 84 vessels.

SAR operations are on-going.

Safety recommendations

While the aircraft had the necessary communication equipment to provide information on its location, the last ACARS message occurred at 1:07:29 MYT, the last secondary radar detection at 1:21:13 MYT and the last satellite communication at 08:19 MYT on March 8th. Over a month after the aircraft departed Kuala Lumpur International Airport, its location is still unknown.

While commercial air transport aircraft spend considerable amounts of time operating over remote areas, there is currently no requirement for real time tracking of these aircraft.

There have now been two occasions during the last five years when large commercial air transport aircraft have gone missing and their last position was not accurately known.

This uncertainty resulted in significant difficulty in locating the aircraft in a timely manner.

Therefore, the Malaysian Air Accident Investigation Bureau makes the following safety recommendation to ICAO:

It is recommended that the International Civil Aviation Organisation examine the safety benefits of introducing a standard for real time tracking of commercial air transport aircraft.

Note

The information contained in this preliminary report is correct at the time of issue and is intended to inform the aviation industry and the public of the general circumstances of the event. Readers are cautioned that there is the possibility that new information may become available that alters this Preliminary Report.

This report has been written in accordance with the ICAO Doc 9756 AN/965 Manual of Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation.

Part IV Reporting.

ACTIONS TAKEN BETWEEN 01:38 AND 06:14 ON SATURDAY 8 MARCH

The following table is based on recorded communications on direct lines, summarising the events associated to MH370 after the radar blip disappeared until activation of the Rescue Coordination Centre.

No. MYT Event
1 01:38:19 Ho Chi Minh first enquired about MH370, informed KL-ATCC that verbal contact was not established with MH370 and radar target was last seen at BITOD.

2 01:41:21 KL-ATCC informed HCM that after IGARI, MH370 did not return to Lumpur frequency.

3 01:46:46 HCM queried about MH370 again, stating that radar contact was established over IGARI but there was no verbal contact. Ho Chi Minh advised that the observed radar blip disappeared at waypoint BITOD.

4 01:50:28 KL-ATCC queried HCM if any contact with MH370. HCM’s reply was ‘negative’.

5 01:57:02 HCM informed KL-ATCC that there was officially no contact with MH370 until this time. Attempts on many frequencies and aircraft in the vicinity received no response from MH370.

6 02:03:48 KL-ATCC queried HCM on status MH370. HCM confirmed there was no radar contact at this time and no verbal communications was established. KL-ATCC relayed the information received from Malaysia Airlines OPS that aircraft was in Cambodian airspace.

7 02:07:00 HCM queried for confirmation that MH370 was in Phnom Penh FIR. KL-ATCC requested to check further with supervisor.

8 02:11:37 HCM queried on status but KL-ATCC has no update.

9 [02:15] [no voice recording] (extracted from Watch Supervisor’s Log Book) KL-ATCC Watch Supervisor queried Malaysia Airlines OPS who informed that MH370 was able to exchange signals with the flight and flying in Cambodian airspace.

10 02:18:53 KL-ATCC queried if flight planned routing of MH370 was supposed to enter Cambodian airspace. HCM confirmed that planned route was only through Vietnamese airspace. HCM had checked and Cambodia advised that it had no information or contact with MH370. HCM confirmed earlier information that radar contact was lost after BITOD and radio contact was never established. KL-ATCC queried if HCM was taking Radio Failure action but the query didn’t seem to be understood by the personnel. HCM suggested KL-ATCC to call MAS OPS and was advised that it had already been done.

11 02:34:01 Watch Supervisor KL-ATCC enquired with MAS OPS Centre about communication status with MH370 but the personnel was unsure if the message went through successfully or not.

12 02:35:03 HCM queried about status of MH370 and was informed that the Watch Supervisor was talking to the company at this time.

13 02:35:54 MAS OPS Centre informed KL-ATCC MH370 in normal condition based on signal download giving coordinate N14.90000 E109 15 00 at time 1833 UTC.

14 02:37:36 KL-ATCC relayed to HCM the latitude and longitude as advised by Malaysian Airlines Operations.

15 02:53:51 MH386 was requested by HCM to try to establish contact with MH370 on Lumpur radar frequency. KL-ATCC then requested MH386 to try on emergency frequencies as well.

16 [03:30] (no voice recording) (extract from Watch Supervisor’s Log Book) MAS OPS Centre informed KL-ATCC that the flight tracker information was based on flight projection and not reliable for aircraft positioning.

17 03:30:01 KL-ATCC queried if HCM had checked with next FIR Hainan.

18 03:56:19 KL-ATCC queried Malaysia Airlines OPS for any latest information or contact with MH370.

19 04:25:23 HCM queried KL-ATCC on last position that MH370 was in contact with ATC. KL-ATCC queried if any information had been received from Hong Kong or Beijing.

20 05:09:18 Singapore queried for information on MH370.

21 05:20:17 Capt [name redacted] requested for information on MH370. He opined that based on known information, “MH370 never left Malaysian airspace”.

22 05:30 The Watch Supervisor activated the Kuala Lumpur ARCC.

23 05:41:21 HCM query for any updates.

24 06:14:14 KL-ATCC queried HCM if SAR was activated.

The Chief Inspector of Air Accidents
Ministry of Transport
Malaysia
9 April 2014


The ATC Transcript was released earlier, see: ATC Transcript.

For the Cargo Manifest see graphics below.

Map possible flight tracks (Graphics: MMOT):
Map possible flight tracks (Graphics: MMOT)

Map possible flight tracks, northern part (Graphics: MMOT):
Map possible flight tracks, northern part (Graphics: MMOT)

Map possible flight tracks, southern part (Graphics: MMOT):
Map possible flight tracks, southern part (Graphics: MMOT)

9 pages of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT):
page 1 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 2 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 3 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 4 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 5 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 6 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 7 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 8 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)
page 9 of Cargo Manifest (Graphics: MMOT)


By Simon Hradecky, created Monday, Apr 28th 2014 09:04Z, last updated Monday, Apr 28th 2014 09:06Z

On Apr 28th 2014 the search for the aircraft entered a new phase. In the 52 days since MH-370 went missing no traces of the aircraft have been found so far.

Australia's Prime Minister commented: "There's quite a degree of frustration and disappointment that, as yet, the Bluefin-21 undersea search has been unable to find evidence of wreckage on the ocean floor."

Australia's search coordinator said with reference to the acoustic pings recorded by the towed ping locator: "There was an analysis done by the Australian Joint Acoustic Centre, a centre of excellence in the Royal Australian Navy, deals in acoustic sounds all time. They did a direct comparison between one of the detections and an emergency locator beacon. The characteristics of the pulsing were identical. So we were, I should say, quietly optimistic that there was something down there that must have been emanating that, and they also confirmed they thought it was man-made. So that was the best information we've had, and as we've said all along, we will pursue every lead that might yield a result, and that's exactly what we were doing with that."

Australia's Prime Minister announced: "What we are going to do, though, is enter a new phase of search focusing under the sea. The Bluefin-21 submersible will continue in operation. What we are doing, though, is looking to an intensified underwater search involving different technology, in particular using specialised side scan sonar equipment towed behind ships to scan the seabed for evidence of aircraft wreckage.

The Australian Government, in consultation with the Malaysian Government, is willing to engage one or more commercial companies to undertake this work and this work would be done under contract to the Australian Government. We will continue to work closely with Malaysia and with China in taking this operation forward.

It could take us some weeks to put in place these new contractual arrangements for an intensified under sea search, and during this period, there will be a dedicated team of vessels from Australia, Malaysia and China that will continue maritime operations to maintain continuity and momentum. As well, I stress, the Bluefin-21 submersible will continue to be deployed. In addition, an Australian aircraft, most likely a AP-3C Orion will be on standby at short notice in case possible wreckage is identified.

Essentially, though, what we are looking to do is conduct as thorough an under sea search as is humanly possible, if necessary, of the entire probable impact zone which, as you know, is roughly 700 kilometres by 80 kilometres."

Australia Search Coordinator stated that this new search will last for about 8 month.

The cost of the new search phase are currently estimated at 60 million Australian Dollars (about 40.3 million Euros/55.8 million USD).

The cost for the search so far are being borne by each country, Australia for example provided (military) assets they would be paying for anyway.

The Prime Minister added, that in the 52 days so far 4.5 million square kilometers of Ocean have been searched in 334 search flights (8 per day) with a total of more than 3000 flight hours.




Reader Comments:

Similar or different?
By Alex on Friday, Jan 8th 2016 07:23Z

Any information available on flight EY440 which took off from SGN to AUH on January 7 only to fly in a totally wrong south easterly direction? After crcling 7 times over the street of Malacca it continued its flight with a stop over in Mumbai. It has been well covered by FR, you can find it on the bird sound account.
I posted it here because some commentators drew parallels to MH370 which I find slightly over the edge.


Update
By MD11 captain on Wednesday, Dec 9th 2015 13:34Z

Report by Australian government indicates four possible causes after detailes analysis of all data.
Pilots going rogue seems less likely now



By cassian0 on Monday, Oct 19th 2015 09:53Z

Something new on Sugbay island?
Can someone update this?


Surfboard ?
By ross bowen on Sunday, Sep 20th 2015 05:29Z

I say it would have to be the most inefficient shape to be a surfing implement as it is of aerofoil shape and would not cut the water whichever way it went. All surfing-type boards are rolled to the edges across the deck and would taper from nose to tail with "rocker" along the length to allow it to ride slightly above the water surface and allow the fins to locate the moving board. The rolled down edges allow positive location when turning.


same thing.
By G.Nielsen on Thursday, Sep 17th 2015 21:55Z

I have just read about a midair collision between a B-738 and a HS-125 over Senegal sep. 5 2015.
Could the same thing have happened between MH-370 and a stealth aircraft or a drone so that MH-370 was kicked off course and experinced a decompression and continued on autopilot until it ran out of fuel like the HS-125 in the sep. 5 accident.


Yes it is a surfboard
By Tweakradje on Monday, Sep 14th 2015 09:55Z

No doubt it is a wave surf board. It is from a company called Varial Surf Technology based on aluminum honeycomb. You will find it.


rly
By Shawn Crown on Sunday, Sep 13th 2015 19:17Z

Really saying this is a Surfboard? Yup investigators mistaking an evidence from aircraft crash investigation to a surfboard. Ridiculous even to think that. And since when are surfboards made out of, I don't know, Aluminium?

I say, start searching way in middle of the Indian ocean and count in this piece was probably light enough to make it possible to float somewhat long distances, and count in the south equatorial current to be the reason why this piece made it to the Reunion Island.


@Ross Bowen
By Auric von Hammerstein on Wednesday, Sep 9th 2015 07:56Z

Dear Ross, can you elaborate, please?


s Bowen
By Jay Meeker on Monday, Sep 7th 2015 18:49Z

Sounds like they have a team of aviation "experts" from doing the probe.


maldives flotsam
By ross bowen on Monday, Sep 7th 2015 11:24Z

As a surfboard manufacturer I have to say if that part recovered from the Maldives is a windsurf board it would have to be the most hopeless of designs.


Slow investigation pace
By Willy on Friday, Sep 4th 2015 07:19Z

It has taken from the 29th of July for investigators to peal back the flap surface to reveal a hull number. Perhaps all the smart investigators were on their holidays. And as if it were just incidental, a cargo vessel capsizes in the same area and it never makes the news.


How did the flaperon detach?
By Questioner on Friday, Sep 4th 2015 06:28Z

Does the flaperon appear to be detached without doing too much damage to rest of the wing itself so another flaperon could be replaced in the wing of the actual plane intact somewhere?


Fascinating
By David on Thursday, Sep 3rd 2015 19:54Z

Whatever the outcome - if any - of this not so good smelling tragedy, I Believe that the most accurate, objective and unbiaised information will eventually be linked to the Aviation Herald, a site that I read by and then as a passenger, and as someone who still finds it incredible that we can fly at all, whereas a certain fascination for that fact per se.

Keep on the good work!


Tokarev
By (anonymous) on Thursday, Sep 3rd 2015 17:00Z

Big steps, 1475 miles, or 2374 kilometers.


just
By Tokarev on Thursday, Sep 3rd 2015 16:25Z

2 steps away from Diego Garcia.


777-300?
By Zak on Thursday, Sep 3rd 2015 16:16Z

"a flaperon of a Boeing 777-300, originated from MH-370 without a doubt"

I thought MH370 was a 777-200?



By (anonymous) on Thursday, Sep 3rd 2015 16:06Z

As much confidence as I have with today's technology, I think we will never know what happened. At this point the tiniest of debris will be spread all over the sea, the flight recorders have sunk to the bottom of the Indian Ocean with no way to identify them without combing every square foot of the sea floor, and the funding will eventually stop.

My many condolences to the families, but this is probably the farthest we will every get.


Still wondering...
By on Thursday, Sep 3rd 2015 15:49Z

What the state of the rest of the aircraft may look like...


Addendum
By Auric von Hammerstein on Wednesday, Sep 2nd 2015 10:12Z

The numbers pictured in the last photograph may be very well a serial number. Many of the better surfboards in the old times had a unique serial number to indetify the board. Especilly when the shape has been homologated as a racing shape by the International Yacht Racing Union (IYRU).


Maldives debris
By Auric von Hammerstein on Wednesday, Sep 2nd 2015 10:04Z

Dear colleagues, I'm a journalist by profession and a windsurfer by passion. The debris found at the Maldives looks strikingly like the part of an old windsurf board. I just spoke to a shaper of the German company FANATIC and he is 90 percent sure that the pictured debris is an old windsurfboard. Concerning the letters "IC" or "TIC" this could be the old logo of "FANATIC" which has changed innumerously over times.
The construction details point strongly to a surfboard. The heart of boards is made of styrofoam and/or honeycomb material sometimes accompanied by carbon fibers (honeycomb carbon sandwich) which give stiffness and rigidity while reducing weight. The planing surface (the underside) of the board has only a very thin covering because it has to bear only area loads but no point loads (planing on water surface). The upper side of surfboards is a laminated composition of glass fibers, carbon fibers nd even kevlar mats to absorb point loads by the surfer stepping on the board and heavy shocks of jumping.


@Claude Durand
By okane on Monday, Aug 24th 2015 05:40Z

The suitcase was ruled out as belonging to MH370.


soft landing
By ross bowen on Friday, Aug 21st 2015 13:10Z

I too would like to hear from experts on the possibility of a soft landing in the circumstances that seem to outline the planes situation. Anyone like to give an opinion as to whether the plane could have made a wet landing rather than an uncontrolled crash.


Investigation of the flaperon
By Claude Durand on Wednesday, Aug 19th 2015 17:22Z

Yes, still ongoing, and for lots of reasons.
One of them : the French prosecutor in charge does not consider that he has in his hands totally satisfactory "evidence" (whence his statement that there was a "very strong presumption" etc) about the connection between the flaperon and the doomed airplane.
The disappearance of the manufacturer's plate (with P/N, S/N and more) which should have been found on the left side closure bulkhead (do you call it a rib ? Picture #4 at the top of this thread) means that the most absolute piece of evidence is missing.
Other reasons : lab research for making the materials "speak" about the rupture modes, whence the dynamics in the last moments ; and lab research about the marine life on the debris, to obtain clues about sea environments traversed.


soft landing
By Tweakradje on Monday, Aug 17th 2015 20:39Z

The investigation of the flaperon is still ongoing? I read that very little damage might suggest a soft landig at sea. Can flight automation do that when out of fuel? Can that be simulated?


The Maldives debris
By Claude Durand on Saturday, Aug 15th 2015 15:55Z

At the end of the day it seems that the honeycomb-core debris found in the Maldives is considered by most as a piece of a high-tech surf board (manufacturer is in California).

As a understand the latest statements from Malaysian sources, the only debris that are accepted as -potentially- related tho this accident are the flaperon and the torn suitcase.

Anybody has a different assessment ?


@Mark L
By jeropiga on Thursday, Aug 13th 2015 23:22Z

I dont belive that these "TIC" Parts are from aircraft: First, the static markings are painted or decal in black. Red is for emergency signs or Cut Out Marks.
Second: Static ports are fitted in the metálic skin of the airframe itself. There isnt any static port fitted on any honeycomb structure.


@ross bowen
By Paul on Wednesday, Aug 12th 2015 20:26Z

I think what the chap was trying to say is that if closed cell foam was used in an aircraft component in place of a honeycomb type core the component would not be so bouyant. I don't think he's saying it wouldn't float just a panel constructed of composite and honeycomb type core stands a better chance of floating.


Closed cell foam
By ross bowen on Wednesday, Aug 12th 2015 11:14Z

I disagree with the notion that closed cell foam being dense therefore not being buoyant. This notion flies in the face of surfing technologies that make surfboards much faster due to their buoyancy.


to Nicolas
By pepo on Wednesday, Aug 12th 2015 07:40Z

it seems the flaperon doesnt match with what Malaysia has in their maintenance report, in the maintenance report it shows one thing, but french authorities has found something different, and doesnt match, from my point of view, and me living here in Malaysia, it just another wrongdoing and negligence due poor maintenance from Malaysia airlines.


Debris
By Salvador on Wednesday, Aug 12th 2015 00:51Z

Yeah, that part seems to be almost something made out of this demo application

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